Contents
Preface ix
1: 1: Conquering the Endless Mountains and its First People 1
2: Those Who Lived in the Mountains and Caves 15
“Cha-la-kee”
15
Rise of Bi- and Multi-Racial Appalachian Indians 19
Intertribal Wars to “Trail of Tears” 20
“Getting the Gold in Them Darn Hills” 22
3: Those Who Lived in the Appalachian Plateaus, Valleys, Ridges, Hills,
Lowlands,
Coastal Plains, River,
Streams and Lake Shores 23
Lumbees and Miccosukees
23
Bi-Racial Contact, Refuge, Solidarity, and Heredity
Among Colonist in
the Middle and Northern Colonies 28
Other Black Indians of the Appalachia 30
Rise of Black Woodland Indians
31
Last of the Mohegans, Pequots, and Wampanoags 32
Mystic Massacre and King Philip’s War 33
Black-Red Reconnection
34
Conclusion
36
4: Reconstruction, Exclusion, Disfranchisement, and Second-Class
Citizenship 39
Reparations and Entitlement 39
Resistance to Inclusion 43
Dawes Commission
and “One Drop Exclusion 46
5: Valor Under Fire: Winning the Wars for the West and Empire 49
Maintaining Law and Order in the West 49
Black Seminole Medal of Honor Winners 51
Dream Deferred
52
Racial Violence and Injustice
55
Inferior Medical Treatment
56
6: On the Home Front: Being African-American During the Jim Crow Years,
1876-1940 63
Accommodation and the Surge of Racial Violence 63
Black Wall Street: Booker T. Washington’s Dream and
Nightmare 67
The Climate of Hate, Envy, and Suppression in Tulsa and the
Larger
Community 70
A Reign of Negrophobia, Intolerance, and Terror 72
Alleged Incendiary Incident
76
The Invasion
77
White Washing the Tulsa Holocaust 78
Official Lie
80
Aftermath
81
The Quest for Reparations
82
Triumph of the Klan
84
Blacks and Party Politics During the 1920s and 1930s 88
7: Unrest and Wartime Heroics, 1941-1945 93
The Challenges of Economic Exploitation 93
Racial Segregation and Violence
During the War Years, 1941-45
95
Heroics Abroad, 1941-45
98
Jim Crow and the Port Chicago Mutiny 104
Injustice Prevails
107
8: Leading the African-American Civil Rights Movement 109
Postwar America and Truman’s Fair Deal 109
Civil Rights Struggle, 1955-1965 112
Rosa Parks, the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement 115
Jesse Jackson, Political Activist and Civil Rights Leader 117
John Hope Franklin, the Dean of African- American History 123
Everee Clarke, Business and Cultural Activist 128
Dawes Challenges and Retrenchment 131
9: The Triumph of Vice and the Politics of Greed Upon Native American
and the Excluded Black Indians, 1880-2008 135
Politics of Exclusion
and Hope 135
Triumph of the Right and Indian Gaming 136
Greed and Influence Peddling
139
Connections, Accusations, and Charges 140
Indictments, Plea Bargains, and Sentencing 141
Native Americans’ Socioeconomic Status: Symbolism v.
Substance 145
The Myth of Indian Gaming
149
Civil Retribution
149
Epilogue
151
10: Tribal Membership in Crisis
157
The Controversy of Determining Membership
on the Basis of Blood Quantum and DNA Markers 157
Further Disenfranchisement and Efforts to Restore Tribal
Citizenship
Rights 161
Contemporary Legal and Legislative Reactions 167
Eugenic Policies, Greed, and Genocide 169
11: Reclaiming the Legacy: Answers for the Millennium 171
Weyanoke
171
Subtle Racism 173
Enlightened Self–Determination Versus
Accommodation 174
American Indian Movement and Blacks 178
Claiming the Future: New Answers for the
Millennium 180
Endnotes 189
Bibliography 233
